The elements of a trademark - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1356 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction Intellectual property is what the mind creates. Through imagination in the mind, one creates literary and artistic works. The mind creates names, symbols, and images. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The elements of a trademark" essay for you Create order There are inventions and designs, which are all part of intellectual property. The three main types of intellectual property are patents, copyright and trademarks. Patent is the exclusive right to market invention; whereas, copyright is the exclusive right to the author of the original work of the authorship. Trademark is the name, word, device, or symbol that is use in trade to show and to differentiate the goods (Mart, 2015). Intellectual property is protected by law, to have an environment, which innovation and creativity can flourish (WIPO, 2015). 2.0 Elements of Trademark Requirements to be A Trademark A trademark must be used in trade. The trademark law is use to regulate interstate trade. According to the Lanham Act, a trademark is a mark used in trade. The exclusive rights of a trademark are given to the first person who uses it in trade. Besides that, a trademark must be different from others. It is an identity to distinguish specific goods from one another. There a re four categories of distinctiveness. The arbitrary/fanciful or suggestive category is considered to be inherently distinctive. The markà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exclusive rights are determined by priority of use. The descriptive category is protected only if it has the secondary meaning in the minds of the public. The secondary meaning is needed to set up a trademark protection for a geographic term or a personal name. The generic category, they will never be eligible for trademark protection. Rather than indicating a unique source, they refer to a general class of products (Cornell, 2015). Trademark Infringement Firstly, to succeed on a claim of trademark infringement, the plaintiff must initiate that he/she has a valid mark qualified to protection and that the defendant used the similar or a same mark in commerce in connection with the sale or advertising of goods and services without plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agreement. Moreover, the plaintiff must prove that defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of the mark is going to cause confusion as to the connection, affiliation or association of the defendant with the plaintiff. Thus, there are three distinct elements necessary to establish trademark infringement claims that are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in commerceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“likelihood of confusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Use Use of a trademark by an alleged infringer must be established as a threshold matter. In commerce demonstrates that the allegedly infringing activities have a substantial effect on interstate commerce. Likelihood of confusion consumers viewing the allegedly infringing mark assume that the product or service it represents is associated with the source of a different product or service identified with a similar mark. 3.0 Trademark Case Apple vs Shenzhen Proview Technology Problem This case is about the rights to the iPad name between Apple and Shenzhen Proview Technology. Apple Inc. says it bought the global rights to the iPad name from Proview in 2009 but Chinese authorities say the rights in China were never transferred. A Chinese court ruled in December that Proview still owned the name in China. Verdict Apple has paid $60 million to settle a dispute in China over ownership of the iPad name. It removed a potential obstacle to sales of the popular tablet computer in the key Chinese market. Additional Information Proview initially hope for more. Proview was pressured to settle the case due to the debt they owed. Besides that, Proview also received pressure from the communist government to settle it because they wanted to attract investors to develop its economy. Unlike trademark squatters, who register names of products sold overseas and then request for the foreign com panies to pay for the rights later, Proview trademark the iPad name long before Apple had the idea for its tablet. Ending the dispute with Proview meant that the leading tablet maker can legally begin selling under iPad trademark in its second-biggest market (Arthur, 2012). Danone Biscuits Manufacturing (M) Sdn Bhd vs Hwa Tai Industries Bhd Facts On 29 October 1990, Danone Biscuits (the plaintiff) a biscuit manufacturer for Jacob, Tiger, Danone and THYE THONG biscuit applied to register their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ChipsMoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  trademark in Malaysia. The trademark were then registered and renewed up to 20 October 2007. The company had been manufacturing, selling and distributing their cookies in Malaysia since 1990 and exported their cookies to other countries in the region. However, in early April 2001, Danone biscuits discovered that another biscuit manufacturer in Malaysia named Hwa Tai Industries (defendant) had been manufacturing and selling chocolate chip c ookies bearing the trademark called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Chipsplusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The plaintiff argued that the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark infringed upon its registered trademark and immediately requested the defendant to stop the manufacture and sale of cookies bearing the plaintiff trademark. Even though, the packaging of the product, were also confusingly same to the plaintiff registered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ChipsMoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  mark., the defendant refused to do so and the plaintiff file a law sued against the defendant for trademark infringement. The plaintiff argued that the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Chipplusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  trademark infringed upon its registered trademark, while the similar packaging of the cookies causes the defendant passing off its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Chipplusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  cookies as the plaintiff à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ChipsMoreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  cookies that will eventually affect the plaintiff reputation, business and goodwill in Malaysi a Judgment The High Court has made the decision in favor of the Plaintiff, ruling that there was infringement of the plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademark. Since the plaintiff had a registered certificate and renewal certificate evidencing a valid trademark and the plaintiff had not given the defendant authority to use their trademark, the defendant was found liable for infringement. An important issue that is highlighted by the Court was the trademark used was almost similar and it may likely create the possibility of confusion amongst the public. In Section 38 of the Trade Marks Act 1976 the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“likelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  was define to mean that only possibility or probability of confusion needed to be established. Although the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Plusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are two different words, there is sufficient similarity in idea. Furthermore, in deciding the similarity between two different words, the words has to be considered as a whole, by doing so, the court found the marks sufficiently similar to constitute trademark infringement on the defendant. Moreover, the use of similar trademark and packaging may possibly cause confusion and deception to a buyer of chocolate chip cookies. The rectangular packaging shape, the similar placing of both house marks are positioned on the upper left hand side of the packaging. Such misuse will damage the plaintiff business through the loss of sales of its products. Lastly, The Jury have made the decision that the defendant was liable and immediately ordered the defendant cease all manufacture of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Chipplusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  cookies. The defendant were asked to change the name and the packaging of the cookies in order to sell their cookies in Malaysia. Furthermore, the plaintiff requested RM5500 from the defendant as compensation misusing their trademark. The defendant paid and changed their cookies named to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Kiddosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬  . Opinion This case illustrates the importance of respect for intellectual property. In this modern business world, many profit seeking firms will tend to misuse others intellectual property to help market their own business. This will save them lots of cost and will rise to the market in just nick of time. In this case, it also shows how serious courts are in protecting trademark owners from misappropriation of their commercial advantage through the use of substantially identical marks. This is why, it is important for business owners to seek advice from intellectual property professionals before registering their trademark to avoid this kind of issue from occurring which will save the company lots of money and time. 4.0 Conclusion The benefits of intellectual property allow business owners to prevent unauthorized use of the protected IP. If a patent protects a product, the creation of identical or similar brand name to products can be prevented. Besides that, in the case of academics, RD teams and designers wanting to show that their technology is at the cutting edge of progress. Patents, copyright and trademark are a powerful indication that their work is cutting edge and they can be used as references in the same way as any other publications.

Abortion Pro Life vs Pro Choice Essay - 1748 Words

Abortion: Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice â€Å"Abortion is the spontaneous or artificially induced expulsion of an embryo or fetus† (Abortion, 2002). An artificially induced abortion is the type referred to in the legal context. Abortions happen in different situations. The question comes when is it the right or wrong choice. The root question becomes the moment a fetus becomes a person and entitled to rights. The fetus could be a person at conception, during the pregnancy, or at birth. The deciding moment differs from the Pro-life group and Pro-choice group. After critically analyzing four different arguments about the pros and cons of abortion, one will be able to understand the ethical, moral, and†¦show more content†¦Using and teaching these adverse techniques make it more difficult for the individual, or individuals, to comprehend, learn, and establish the understanding of what is right and wrong. In theory, teaching others to make the wrong decisions instead of mor e acceptable decisions does not better the future of those persons. It adds to the confusion and the increase of the epidemic of widespread crime affecting millions of people throughout the United States. Another major issue regarding abortion is if a fetus feels pain. A study by Stuart G. W. Derbyshire examines the development of the fetus to decode when pain is acknowledged. Pain is â€Å"an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage† (Derbyshire, 2006, The Content of Pain). Working with this definition, one can derive that an understanding of the senses and emotions should be present at some cognitive level to feel pain. Therefore, pain becomes a learned response instead of a natural one because the association between the senses and the reaction is not yet learned. â€Å"This is likely to strike anyone as strange because it is simply not how we intuitively believe pain to be†¦ Not only has the biological development not yet occurred to support pain experience, but the environment after birth, so necessary to the development of painShow MoreRelatedAbortion - Pro Life vs. Pro Choice3265 Words   |  14 Pagesis abortion. The debates are basically divided into Pro-Life and Pro-Choice. Pro-life supporters want abortion to be illegal and not performed anywhere. Pro-choice supporters want the choice to be up to the woman and no one else. There is no ethical way to decide between the two subjects and its all based on what the persons moral values. Abortion is the termination of an unwanted pregnancy by loss of or destruction of an egg, embryo or fetus before birth. The term of abortion is usedRead MoreAbortion: Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the day you are born, learning and education are the most important skills for survival in todays society. The most valuable thing learned on your journey of life is the ability to distinguish Right from Wrong, both technically and morally. Though easy at first with the minor day to day issues we deal with, it can become quite difficult when more pressing issues are placed in front of you. Many things influence a persons judgment. While one person believes that their view is the absoluteRead MoreEssay Abortion: Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice581 Words   |  3 PagesAbortion is never an easy decision, but women have been making the choice for thousands of years. It has become a large dilemma since 1973, when the U.S. Supreme Court passed a law making the procedure legal, and an even larger controversial issue. The controversy is divided into â€Å"Pro-Choice† and Pro-Life† views. Pro-Choice supporters believe that the woman should have to choice whether to abort or not. Pro-Life supporters believe that it should be illegal to abort and preformed. However, there areRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legalized?1172 Words   |  5 Pages Although some believe abortion is morally and ethically wrong should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative? Pro-Life advocates believe as horrible as abortion is, the baby is still innocent of any crime. Nobody should be killed for the crime of another person. While Pro-Choice advocates believe if a woman is pregnant by rape, compassion demands that she be allowed to abort. On the other hand, the pro-life vs pro-choice debate tends to overlook the fact that theRead MoreAdoption, NOT Abortion Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays, abortion has become a controversial issue because people are becoming more aware of the issue that abortion brings to society and the individual who is going through the abortion .In recent years, however, society has become very open-minded, and as a result pro-life and pro-choice groups have been able to sway the American public’s view of abortion. Abortion became legal in 1973 when Roe vs. Wade declared that a wo man has the right to choose if she wishes to continue with her pregnancyRead MorePro Life vs Pro Choice772 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Brenza Essay-2 March 17th 2015 Pro-life vs. Pro-choice The issue of abortion in the United States will always be a controversial one. Developing two sides of the debate, pro-life and pro-choice. Pro-life are the individuals who do not believe in the option of abortion. Pro-choice are the individuals who believe every woman has the choice to go through with their pregnancy or to not. Despite their contrasts, pro-life and pro-choice explore valid ideas of religion, law and healthRead MoreCommon Ethical Dilemmas Faced in Nursing1447 Words   |  6 Pagesethical decisions. Pro- Life vs. Pro- Choice, Freedom vs. Control, Truth vs. Deception, and Knowledge vs. personal beliefs are all part of the problem. We live in a world where there seems to be contriversy about everything. Nursing is a very important field where there has to be good communication and great care, any hiccups in this could affect the whole work place. So what happens when you’re a nurse and you are placed in a big ethical dielemma. FINDINGS Pro- Life Vs. Pro-Choice According to Merriam-Read More Abortion Report Essay examples808 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion Report nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I have chosen for my topic Abortion. I think that it is a topic that is very important in todays society however it is often dodged or avoided. Different Presidents say different things and have different stances about it, and often it is had to know what to think about it. Basically there are two different ways of looking at it: Pro-Choice, which takes the stance of saying that it is the womans choice if she wants to have an abortion and that itRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Debate888 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is a highly debated and controversial topic within the United States. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. When you have an abortion, you decimate the life of a fetus in the womb prior to delivery. There were 5,013 abortions in the state of Oklahoma alone in 2013. In the same year, there were approximately, collectively in the United States, 983,000 total abortions performed. In addition, there have been almost 60 million abortions performed in the United States sinceRead MoreAbortion Report823 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Report I have chosen for my topic Abortion. I think that it is a topic that is very important in todays society however it is often dodged or avoided. Different Presidents say different things and have different stances about it, and often it is had to know what to think about it. Basically there are two different ways of looking at it: Pro-Choice, which takes the stance of saying that it is the womans choice if she wants to have an abortion and that it is only her business. So

Doctor Faustus By Marlow Essay Example For Students

Doctor Faustus By Marlow Essay Doctor Faustus is a significant and masterful play written by ChristopherMarlow. It is a unique play that it written during the beginnings of therenaissance period and therefore neither solely Renaissance nor Medieval instyle. It is instead a great story of a man torn between the differences of theoutgoing Medieval Period and the incoming Renaissance told in a brilliant stylecomposed of the two distinct schools of thought. The brilliance of this play isthat it can be viewed from both a Medieval and Renaissance perspective. If Dr. Faustus is interpreted from a Medieval perspective, it goes along with the sameprincipals and morals that the majority of medieval literature tried to instill;that is, the righteousness of God and the Roman Catholic Church. In order tomake this story more effective, Marlow chooses to have Faustus deal with theessence of evil, Lucifer, the banished angel who betrayed God. In a classicsatirical form the play shows Faustus downfall after straying from Gods planand enlisting the help of the devil to become greater than what God had plannedfor him. Faustus also seems to want to not only stray from God and dominatemankind, but also, supercede and overrule Gods wishes to an even furtherextent. In Scene 3, Lines 110-111 we read: The emperor shall not live but by myleave, Nor any potentate of Germany. In these lines Faustus expresses his desireto hold control over all. Even the likes of the Holy Roman Emperor shall fall tothe power of his black magic. Although the use of magic and thecharacte r of the devil seems more of a parable-like story to modern day readers,to the people of the time this was a very plausible story of a man who shunnedgodliness and let greed and evil get the best of him. The existence ofsupernatural entities, namely devil-influenced beings such as witches andsorcerers, was very possible if not probable. Without the answers of science theunexplained was often chalked up to the powers of the supernatural. From arenaissance point of view, Dr. Faustus is a heroic tragedy. The renaissancemovement emphasized the power of the individual and the fulfillment of life. Itbrought forth a desire for conquest, achievement and surmounting all obstacles. In the play, Faustus, is not satisfied with his abilities, or as he saw themlimitations, as a human being. He did what he had to do to further advance hisaccomplishments, striving to achieve his goals by any means necessary. In Scene1, Lines 49-54 we read: These metaphysics of magicians, And necromantic booksare heavenly! Lines, circles, schemes, letters and characters! Ay, these arethose that Faustus most desires. O what a world of profit and delight, Of power,of honor, of omnipotence. In this passage Faustus reveals his desire for thepowers that will bring him knowledge, but most importantly, fortune and fame. This further illustrates the renaissance belief in taking control of your ownlife and determining your own destiny. The tragedy of this story occurs whendespite Faustus attempts to gain knowledge and power beyond his reach, hefails. He fails because his illusions of grandeur clouded the choices he makes. Dr. Faustus is a man caught between traditions. He is trapped between thereligious Middle Ages and the man-centered Renaissance. This internal conflictis transformed to external by the use of the Good and Evil Angels. The GoodAngel is Representative of the God-fearing Medieval Period that believes indoing as God wishes, while the Evil Angel presents the views of a changingsociety where the potential of self is explored, in this case, at whatever cost. .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba , .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .postImageUrl , .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba , .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba:hover , .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba:visited , .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba:active { border:0!important; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba:active , .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5425d6579f10ea05af925cbbe8bff2ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparison contrast EssayThis is the type of conflict and transition that took place during this time. Although the major literary periods are usually denoted with dates, it isimpossible for one period to abruptly end and the other begin. Instead it is agradual change that takes place as a result, or inspite of literary works suchas this one.

Working student free essay sample

I have learned that the Department of Social Work and Development is in need of an area coordinator for the DSWD KALAHI-CIDSS National Community Driven Development Program of Region-7. Please consider me as an applicant of the position. I am RENE D. PASIOLAN, 50 years old and in good health. I finished my four year course as working student at Foundation University, Dumaguete City, taking up Bachelor in Agricultural Technology major in Animal Husbandry. If given chance to work with the project, I would do my best to exert effort and display my greatest potentials for the good of the DSWD program. Should an interview be desire, I am willing to come at your most convenient time. Respectfully yours, RENE D. PASIOLAN RENE D. PASIOLAN TAMPOCON I AYUNGON 6210 NEGROS ORIENTAL PHILIPPINES Mobile Number:09065533363 (Globe) :09176158004 (Globe) Email:[emailprotected] com PERSONAL DATA Date of birth:February 17, 1963 Place of birth:Ayungon, Negros Oriental Sex:Male Civil Status:Married Citizenship:Filipino Name of spouse:Leslie B. We will write a custom essay sample on Working student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pasiolan No. of children:42 Male 2 Female Height:5’9† Blood type:0+ Weight:84 kgs. SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS: Graduated with the degree of BACHELOR IN AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, major in ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, Foundation University (FU), Dumaguete City. Has a wide range of experience in the field of agriculture. Also has seven (7) years experience as Community Organiser in Community Based Resource Management Project (CBRMP) of the Local Unit of Ayungon, Negros Oriental. Able to understand and speak English language, well acquainted in driving a two-wheel and four-wheel vehicle and a computer literate. Highly motivated to expand knowledge and skills, hardworking, resilient, likes to get things done on time, and works well with others. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: Tertiary Degree: Bachelor in Agricultural Technology (B. A. T) Major in Animal Husbandry University: Foundation University, Dumaguete City Year Graduated: March 1987 Secondary: Guihulngan Vocational School Guihulngan, Negros Oriental Year Graduated: 1979 Elementary: Ayungon Central Elementary School Ayungon, Negros Oriental Year Graduated: March 1975 WORK EXPERIENCE: Year:2011 – Present Position:Security Officer Employer:MARBAN Investigation Security Agency La Vista Village Quezon City Year:2007 – 2010 Position:Barangay Chairman Barangay Tampocon I, Ayungon Negros Oriental Year: 2006 – 2007 Position:Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Officer(Designate) Employer:LGU Ayungon Ayungon, Negros Oriental Year:2000 – 2006 Position:Community-Based Resource Management Project Assistant Sub-Project Coordinator/Community Organizer Supervisor Employer :LGU Ayungon Ayungon, Negros Oriental Year:1996 – 2000 Position:Farm Technician (Rice and Vegetable Production) Employer:Ayungon Multi-Purpose Cooperative Ayungon, Neg. Or. Year:1987 – 1995 Position:Demonstration Farm Manager/Part time Instructor Employer:Foundation University College of Agriculture Dumaguete City Year:1883 – 1987 Position:Piggery In-charge (Working student) Employer:Foundation University College of Agriculture Working student free essay sample The figure is about 8% of the total number of college students in the country. CHED said working students today are mostly into food service, entertainment and sales, apart from their usual stints as library and research assistants. Dahil sa financial crisis, kailangan nila ng extra income, said lawyer Julito Vitriolo, officer-in-charge at CHEDs office of the executive director. Vitriolo added that these students are forced to work because of higher commodity prices and tuition fees. Jerry Rontal, who delivers oxygen tanks in a hospital. Rontal is currently taking up Criminology, and needs to pay a tuition fee of P24,000 for this semester. The amount does not include expenses for books, uniform and public transport. Gusto kong umangat sa hirap. Kakayanin po, kailangan po eh. Kung hindi ako kikilos, walang mangyayari, Rontal said. Despite their efforts, the pressure to balance work and school is just too much for many working students. We will write a custom essay sample on Working student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The CHED said that only 50% of working students get to finish college, as many cannot cope and cannot concentrate on their studies, while some have poor health, while others give up because of insufficient funds. CHED advised working students to get jobs that are not that demanding, and that are more closely related to their courses. Report from Bernadette Sembrano, ABS-CBN News Ten to fifteen hours per week, on campus.† This is the typical response from faculty members and administrators who are asked how much undergraduate students should work at paying jobs while attending college. Available research supports this recommendation. Quantitative studies consistently show that retention rates are higher for students who work a modest number of hours per week (ten to fifteen) than they are for students who do not work at all or those who work more than fifteen hours per week. Research also shows increased academic success for students working on rather than off campus. Unfortunately, this simple recommendation is no longer feasible or realistic for the typical  undergraduate. Most college students are now not only employed but also working a substantial number of hours, a fact not widely understood or discussed by faculty members and policy makers. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2007 nearly half (45 percent) of â€Å"traditional† undergraduates—that is, students between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four attending college full time—worked while enrolled. About 80 percent of traditional-age undergraduates attending college part time worked while enrolled. (See figures 1 and 2.) The share of full-time, traditional-age undergraduates working fewer than twenty hours per week has declined during the past decade (to about 15 percent in 2007), while the number working between twenty and thirty-four hours per week has increased (to about 21 percent in 2007). Today nearly one in ten (8 percent) full-time, traditional-age undergraduates is employed at least thirty-five hours per week. Contrary to the common belief that community college students are more likely to be employed than students at four-year institutions, the distribution of undergraduates by the number of hours worked is similar at public two-year, public four-year, and private four-year institutions, after controlling for differences in attendance status. Working is now a fundamental responsibility for many undergraduates. But understanding how employment affects students’ educational experiences is complicated by why students work. Many students must work to pay the costs of attending college. As College Board policy analyst Sandy Baum argues in a 2010 collection of essays I edited, Understanding the Working College Student: New Research and Its Implications for Policy and Practice, while some of these students are awarded â€Å"work† as part of their financial aid package, other students either do not receive work-study funding or find such awards insufficient to cover the costs of attendance. Some traditional-age students may use employment as a way to explore career options or earn spending money. For other students, particularly adult students, work is a part of their identity, as Carol Kasworm, a professor of adult education at North Carolina State University, and other contributors to Understanding the Working College Student point out. Regardless of the reason for working, trying to meet the multiple and sometimes conflicting simultaneous demands of the roles of student, employee, parent, and so on often creates high levels of stress and anxiety, making it less likely that  students will complete their degrees. Reconceptualizing Work Although students who work have an obligation to fulfill their academic responsibilities, colleges and universities also have a responsibility to ensure that all students—including those who work—can be successful. One obvious approach is for colleges and universities to reduce students’ financial need to work by reducing the rate of tuition growth and increasing need-based grants. Colleges and universities can also reduce the prevalence and intensity of employment through financial aid counseling that informs students of both the consequences of working and alternative mechanisms of paying for college. Nonetheless, given the recent economic recession (and its implications for tuition, financial aid, and students’ financial resources) as well as the centrality of jobs to students’ identities, many will likely continue to work substantial numbers of hours. Even on campuses where relatively few students work and those who do work relatively few hours and primarily on rather than off campus, the applicable research suggests that reconceptualizing â€Å"work† and its role in students’ learning and engagement could be beneficial. Often professors and administrators believe that employment pulls students’ attention away from their academic studies; they define any time spent in paid employment as necessarily reducing the amount of time available for learning. Qualitative data indicate that this time trade-off is real for many working students. But what if working were considered not as detracting from education but as promoting student learning? From a human-capital perspective, both employment (especially when defined as on-the-job training) and formal education build students’ human capital. Given this theoretical perspective as well as the reality of student employment, colleges and universities should consider ways to transform employment into an experience that can enhance students’ intellectual development. Understanding the Working College Student offers several strategies for transforming the role of employment in students’ educational experiences. One potential strategy is to develop connections between employment and learning by incorporating into coursework the knowledge gained through work-based experiences. Another strategy is to recognize formally the contribution of workplace experiences to student learning by awarding course credit for relevant employment  experiences. Several organizations offer mechanisms for assessing and awarding course credit for work and other prior experiences—for example, the College Board’s College-Level Examination Program and the American Council on Education’s College Credit Recommendation Service. Supporting Working Students Colleges and universities can also create a supportive campus culture for working students. To do so, faculty members and administrators must understand the learning and support needs of working students. While the national data paint a picture of student employment â€Å"on average,† individual colleges and universities must also understand the patterns of employment—and the implications of these patterns—on their own campuses. Colleges and universities must educate both professors and administrators about the prevalence of student employment and how to connect students’ workplace and academic experiences and then change institutional policies, practices, and structures to promote such connections. In particular, higher education institutions, especially those with large proportions of students working large numbers of hours, should consider whether their structures are oriented toward meeting only the needs of â€Å"traditional† students—that is, students enrolled full time and working ten to fifteen hours per week in on-campus positions. Creating an institutional culture that promotes the success of working students will require a campuswide effort that involves the faculty and administration. Colleges and universities should encourage, reward, and support faculty members who adapt their instructional practices to promote the educational success of working students. In Understanding the Working College Student, Paul Umbach, associate professor of higher education at North Carolina State University, and his co-authors demonstrate the educational benefits to working students when their instructors encourage cooperative learning, set high expectations for student achievement, and create assignments that require students to demonstrate deep learning. A campus teaching center may also support faculty efforts to help working students. Giving students the opportunity for meaningful one-on-one interactions with their professors is also critical to fostering a supportive campus culture, and such interactions may be particularly beneficial to working students. For example, Marvin Titus, assistant  professor of higher education at the University of Maryland College Park, uses quantitative analyses of data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students survey to show that the likelihood of completing a bachelor’s degree within six years increases with the frequency of student-faculty discussions in the first year of college, even after taking into account other variables. Mary Ziskin, Vasti Torres, Don Hossler, and Jacob Gross, researchers with the Project on Academic Success at Indiana University, use qualitative analyses to identify examples where instructors do not offer necessary assistance, either because they do not realize the challenges facing working students or because they do not believe they are obligate d to offer any additional assistance. Ziskin and colleagues also conclude that the academic success of many adult students may be jeopardized by their belief that their jobs, family commitments, and age make them â€Å"out of place† on campus. This problem can be remedied. Through one-on-one interactions, professors and administrators can promote adult working students’ sense of belonging and validate their presence on campus, thus encouraging their academic success. Colleges and universities should also consider other ways to adapt the delivery of instruction as well as academic and social support services to the needs of working students. John Levin, professor of education at the University of California, Riverside, and his colleagues suggest that by adapting these structures, institutions not only allow working students to become actively engaged on campus but also promote students’ self-confidence and motivation to succeed in college. Fostering Student Success The research collected in Understanding the Working College Student provides numerous suggestions for how to help working students succeed in college. These include offering courses in the evenings, on weekends, and in distance education formats; establishing course schedules in advance; offering students access to academic advising and other support services at night and on weekends; offering online course registration and academic advising; providing child-care options; and providing space for students to study between work and school. Colleges and universities can also help working students connect their employment and educational experiences through career counseling and occupational placement. Many undergraduate students struggle to meet the multiple demands of work, family, and school roles. Colleges and  universities have an obligation to ensure that all students—including working students—can succeed on their campuses. Reframing work as potentially enhancing student learning and ensuring that prevailing institutional policies, practices, and structures recognize that most undergraduates will have jobs while enrolled are important steps in the right direction. All the things happening in our country certainly affect the youth, but they should not drive us to despair. Instead, let us take them as a challenge to make a difference, for the future awaits us. Being a better youth today ensures a brighter future tomorrow. Let us always believe in God, pray without ceasing and stick to the hope that we can achieve our goals through sheer determination. Veronica V. Rillorta, 19, is taking up a computer secretarial course at the Vizcaya Institute of Computer Science in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. The problem has been developed with the query as to how the corresponding workloads and required working hours of working students affect their studies at STI College Munoz. As a backgrounder, the primary objective of the study is for working students to overcome conflict between their corresponding workloads and required working hours as against their studies. In addition, this paper intends to provide encouragement and motivation to all students especially those who are financially distressed to pursue and finish a college degree in order to be competitive in the future and be able to realize their goals and aspirations. It may also provide learning experiences and information to faculty members and school administrators in the development and implementation of curriculum, syllabus, school policies and procedures, and other school activities. In order to accomplish our objectives, we adopted several methodologies in obtaining data and information such as conducting surveys by providing questionnaires to our subjects, obtaining graphs, tabulations and illustrations from libraries and the internet, and conducting interviews personally and directly with our target subjects to get assurance that our data, information and values gathered were correct and accurate. We also adopted the recommendation and referral approach to enhance our networking and be able to interview more samples as possible.

Economic Interest as a Guideline for U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America †History Essay

Economic Interest as a Guideline for U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Economic Interest as a Guideline for U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America History Essay The United States foreign policy in Latin America is based in a desire to protect US economic interests there. While national security, ideology, and domestic policy are factors that influence US foreign policy in the region as well, they still reflect the desire of the United States to maintain a Latin America that jives with a capitalist, United States economy friendly vision. When the United States has pursued a policy in Latin America that becomes justified mostly by ideology rather than a need for protection of economic interests, efforts are made to redefine the policy from within a framework of an economic relationship. When it becomes plausible to introduce legislation that suggests creating a policy with a Latin American country whose focus lies in creating better trade and investment relations, it supports that of the existing policy. This is because the policy was created in response to a situation where the capitalist relations that the United States desired with the country were not possible or approaching such a situation. In 1824 the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine, stating the United States invitation for European powers to stay out of the western hemisphere and should they not, the United States may, at any time, intervene. This is a policy that was motivated by national security and economic interests. Yet as the first real bit of attention the United States paid to Latin America, it was not really foreign policy toward Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine was issued as a statement of foreign policy toward (or more appropriately against) Europe. As an action in the interest of national security, however, there was little for the Monroe Doctrine to deter and indeed â€Å"the perceived threats were greatly exaggerated by Americans at the time.† The United States interest in Latin American relations was sparked by the opportunity to promote and maintain the United States economic interests in the independent Latin America that no longer adhered to Spanish-imposed trade restrictions. The United States, then under Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, sought to establish diplomatic relations with several states of Latin America in 1821. This was the extent to which the United States pursued some formal policy in Latin America, only securing United States trade interests, but not vigorously creating or opening new markets. The isolationist United States opted to maintain minimum interaction to ensure stable trade. Today an isolationist United States seems not only unlikely, but more close to impossible. As a young nation the United States was satisfied with the stable trading it enjoyed with its southern neighbors, until, of course, that stability was threatened. In 1898 Senator Henry Teller looked to protect his constituents who were sugar beet growers from the competition of the profitable sugar cane industry in Cuba by proposing the anti-annexation amendment to the war resolution concerning Cuba. While this avoided problems with Teller’s constituents, it also left an ambiguous place for the official status of Cuba after the war was over. The war for Cuban independence was over and though the United States would not annex Cuba as a territory, this did not mean that Cuba would become automatically a sovereign state. Cuba’s autonomous government would be developed very much with strings attached. From the United States’ point of view, the Cuban government could not be expe cted to develop democratically and tranquilly on its own without being vulnerable. The United States continued to occupy Cuba for several years until the Platt Amendment could be foisted upon the island, giving the United States â€Å"the right to intervene for†¦the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty.† Hereafter Cuba was independent as long as it behaved well. The United States would be able to control the government and economy of Cuba, which was preferable because the United States could manipulate politics and trade in Cuba to comply with the economic interests of the United States. The era of Latin American independence from Spain spurned a ripple of political turmoil that even today makes waves. During and leading up the Spanish-American War, the United States had not yet developed an ideological rhetoric that influenced foreign policy and so responded to the Cuban-Spanish conflict on the most practical level. The conflict was affecting US trade and it seemed that a free Cuba would offer wider and more consistent trade opportunities. In 1896 the secretary of state of the United States issued a statement â€Å"describing the disruptive effect of the conflict on US economic interests and the dangers faced by US citizens living in Cuba† and â€Å"politely suggested that the Spanish permit limited home rule.† While several events precipitated U.S. involvement in the Cuban-Spanish conflict (lobbies, yellow journalism, explosion on the Maine), President Cleveland recognized the importance of U.S. trading and investment in the region, and that a prolonged conflict would compromise these interest. In other words, while other circumstances may have encouraged the conflict, the initial interest in Cuba and eventual engagement in war was based on the US interest in protecting individual US citizens’ investments and the US economy as a whole, which stood to lose out because of the civil conflict. After the United States took control of Cuba from Spain, the negotiation of settling Cuban independence was still primarily controlled by United States desire to ensure a trouble free trade zone: the Platt Amendment allowed the US to intervene in Cuban affairs whenever it deemed necessary. This marked the beginning of a model of US policy that would be tried and true by the birth of the Cold War. The idea of a canal in Central America connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific was many years in coming when France finally decided to begin building one in Panama. The United States had been researching the possibility of building a canal as well, but in Nicaragua. The benefits of a canal were obvious: a route that does not include circumventing all of South America in order to ship goods to the pacific coast increases trade and lowers shipping costs, which in turn secures and expands United States economic interests in the United States. Eventually, France abandoned its beginning of a canal for lack of money and left it to United States to pick up the slack. Colombia, however, was unwilling to accept the United States treaty that would allow them to control the canal after it was built. In this case the United States proceeded to insert itself in Latin American affairs in the hopes of creating and controlling trade instead of protecting existing interests. The Panama Canal was not an economic interest of the United States’ insofar as they had no formal right to it, but stabilizing a revolutionary state could obtain it the right to that interest. The United States assisted the independence of Panama from Colombia in exchange for a treaty that satisfied the United States desire to build and control a canal there. And in the process it also managed to cross the line between protecting its economic interests and being an economic imperialist. President Taft, in his valedictory message said that his policy had been â€Å"directed to the increase of American Trade upon the axiomatic principle that the Government of the United States shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad.† The United States was involved in dozens of interventional actions in Latin America during the19th and 2oth century, and â€Å"every case began with US government intervention, after which the government officials brokered a financial arrangement between the intervened Latin American government and the US private sector.† The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine is yet another response to an economic interest. By claiming the right to essentially manage the foreign debt of any Latin American country that could not do so itself, the United States skillfully inserted itself into what amounted to a debt crisis in Latin America. US citizens had invested in the asphalt industry in Venezuela, and like France and Germany, were demanding their repayment. The United States stepped in and took control of financial matters, as it had in the Dominican Republic and as it would in Nicaragua. Interventions took on large and small matters: In 1853 â€Å"Marines landed on the Atlantic coast to settle a dispute between Vanderbilt’ trust company and local Nicaraguan Authorities. They resolved it in Vanderbilt’s favor of course.† The United States â€Å"intervened twenty-one times between 1898 and 1924.† The fear of enduring a Chile under the auspices of a socialist and possible communist, no matter how democratically elected was cause for alarm enough for the United States government embark on an aggressive campaign to make sure that the fairly elected Salvador Allende was not able to establish a sovereign, independent, and respected administration. The type of government that Allende was representing threatened to influence a trend in the rest of the region which would deteriorate the efforts towards capitalist free trade that the US still pursues today. After failing to throw his election, the US idea was to destroy the Chilean economy, kill Allende and replace him with the military dictator Augusto Pinochet. The argument that Robert Pastor happens to presents in favor of NAFTA is absolutely applicable to the situation of Cuba. He postulates that rejecting it â€Å"would reinforce authoritarianism; accepting it would raise the cost of electoral fraud. It would be very difficult to keep the political system closed if the economic system was opening.† Legislation being introduced by several Congress members at this time to lift the embargo on Cuba use this argument as a basis for their proposal to change the means of United States foreign policy to effect the same end that was desired before. The United States relationship with Cuba is being re-evaluated by those in the government through a lens that focuses on the economic opportunity that lay there for their constituents while at the same time suggesting what has been seen to happen in other Latin American countries: a opening of the political system that can be interpreted as a democratization. This is indeed the United States’ goal in Cuba and a re-evaluation of the failing US policy toward Cuba was brought to the drawing board after 30 plus years because of the realization that Cuba represents a lucrative market for US farmers and industries. As the United States’ policy toward Cuba became ineffective and stale, the framework to suggest a change had to come from and trade point of view. Economic is th e only driving force powerful enough to challenge a way of doing things that is based on nothing more than and aging ideology that is floundering without economic benefits to back it. Although there may be perturbations in relations with Latin America that alter the nature of US policies there, these will be modified and re-hauled with the goal of edging out the economic advantage in mind. Indeed, in a near conflict-less relationship, international relations with Latin America are based on creating a strong trade relationship, as in the case of Mexico. For the United States, Mà ©xico has represented a comparatively stable political and economic environment. It can hardly be argued that Mà ©xico has maintained a democratic operation but because Mà ©xico has been able to maintain political stability in the form of calculated control, US foreign policy towards Latin America focuses primarily on developing trade and investment. Mà ©xico has preferred to limit its relations with the US, but the perpetuation of the â€Å"revolution† as inherent in Mà ©xico and its development helped the elites keep social upheaval at bay. The United States was never alarmed by instability in Mà ©xico and so had no reason to go there and â€Å"promote democracy†. Despite a revolution, a debt crisis, and a peso crisis, Mà ©xico is a â€Å"country historically cautious about relations with its powerful northern neighbor,† but United States’ effort to alleviate the stress of Mà ©xico’s economic shortcomings have bee n welcomed and social unrest has been successful oppressed. When he took office, United States President Carter wanted to make the US relationship with Mà ©xico a priority in order to â€Å"restore the financial community’s confidence in Mà ©xico.† The discovery of oil in Mà ©xico around the same time ensured this. Negotiations ensued over United States investment in the newly discovered resource. When the economic interests behind US involvement in a Latin American government become obsolete, instead of abandoning the policy, the United States tends to let the policy stand on the feet of security and ideology. When ideology is the only force behind a policy it can be neutral or even detrimental to US economic interests. When this has become apparent in US history, the policy tends to be questioned and eventually redefined within the context of US economic interest. This is the case is Cuba, where after 40 years of embargo, several bills are being introduced in the Congress that repeal the embargo. Although the wording of the bills suggest that opening US markets to Cuba will be a more effective way to undermine the Castro regime that the embargo (which very well may be true), there are other interests that are more compelling for the congressman that are involved. Many of them are from states where the businesses such as agriculture will benefit greatly from trade with the Cu ban market. There was no compelling reason, according to John Quincy Adams and many of his contemporaries, to actively pursue diplomacy south of the United States. Only when it was inconvenient for the United States to endure the turmoil that lay south, so to speak, did the US intervene in the region. As US-Latin American relations matured and the United States intervened as an authority, an accompanying ideology began to develop that superceded this tenet. Just as in the Platt Amendment, the US began seeking, whether deliberately or not, insurance for long term compliance. The reasoning that Latin Americans are a people that must be herded along and that they need the structure that the United States has to offer in order to save them from themselves was invoked over years. United States ideology developed as a belief that United States’ model of government and culture is the framework for a society where the United States has the reasonable and noble interest of protecting its citizens’ interests in trade and investment. These guidelines or expectations that delineate the ideal United States neighbor became an ideology that justified United States policies through moral and humanistic lenses. United States ideology derived from a need to support its pursuit of economic interests. As a young nation on a frontier, Manifest Destiny was the main way to describe the future of the United States development in the early nineteenth century. Having more land increased the wealth and expanded the economy of the United States. Manifest Destiny justified for many Americans their right to do so. In the 20th century the promotion of democracy was and continues to be a central focus of United States goals for Latin America. In between these two eras, the United States policies in Latin America have covered a wide range of levels of intervention, kind of intervention, and levels of power in relationships, but the driving force behind the seemingly amorphous stream of communication is finding the most efficient way to create wealth for Americans. â€Å"US leaders envisioned an international order wherein each and every nation would keep an ‘open door’ through which the capitalist businessmen could come and go at will† and â€Å"†¦peace and stability throughout the world were absolutely essential to the success of this ‘Open Door’ vision† Whereas â€Å"upheavals interrupted the free flow of trade,† political harmony facilitates it, and vice versa. Therefore, regardless of the reasoning and situation behind foreign policy in Latin America, an interest in maintaining and bettering the American economy lies at the base. Research Papers on Economic Interest as a Guideline for U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America - History EssayNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBringing Democracy to Africa

Encouraging Quotes to Keep You Moving Forward

Encouraging Quotes to Keep You Moving Forward When youre having trouble seeing the light at the end of the tunnel, it can be hard to keep moving forward. But when quitting is not an option, and you need a boost of self-confidence to rise to a challenge, it can be helpful to hear from others who have overcome adversity.   Here are some words of wisdom from people who have struggled with obstacles and pushed through to meet their goals.   Encouragement Quotes from Athletes So celebrate what youve accomplished, but raise the bar a little higher each time you succeed.- Mia Hamm. The American soccer player led the Womens World Cup winning team in 1991 and 1999, winning gold at the Olympics in 1996 and 2004. Obstacles don’t have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don’t turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it.  - Michael Jordan. The basketball legend was once told he was too short to play the game. Encouragement Quotes from Writers All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us.― J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring. Gandalf the wizard tries to reassure Frodo as Frodo prepares to take on the quest of the One Ring.   â€Å"The presence of a noble nature, generous in its wishes, ardent in its charity, changes the lights for us: we begin to see things again in their larger, quieter masses, and to believe that we too can be seen and judged in the wholeness of our character.†Ã‚   ― George Eliot, from the novel Middlemarch. which tells the story of Dorothea Brooke, who struggles with provincial life. Politicians Encouraging Quotes When written in Chinese the word crisis is composed of two  characters: one  represents danger and the other represents  opportunity.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ John F. Kennedy. Americas 35th president struggled with health problems early in life and later received the Purple Heart and Silver Star for rescuing the crew of the PT-109 during World War II. What is success? I think it is a mixture of having a flair for the thing that you are doing, knowing that it is not enough, that you have got to have hard work and a certain sense of purpose.―Margaret Thatcher, who overcame significant odds to become the United Kingdoms first female prime minister. Entertainers Encouraging Quotes You cant just sit there and wait for people to give you that golden dream; youve got to get out there and make it happen for yourself.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢ Diana Ross. The lead singer of The Supremes and successful solo singer worked hard, often at multiple jobs, to achieve her success. I dont have education. I have inspiration. If I was educated, I would be a damn fool.   Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Ã‚   Bob Marley. The Jamaican singer recovered from a near-fatal shooting to become a reggae icon. Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Helen Keller. Born deaf, mute and blind, Keller became a   best-selling author and lecturer.

Public heath and homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Public heath and homelessness - Essay Example health professionals lobby the use of a broad perspective in the public health sector, wherein focus on the causes of these health issues as well as observed trends in the issues would be used to solve such problems (Krieger and Higgins 758; Meyer and Schwartz 1191). Connections between the rates of homelessness and the low quality of health among these people have been established by several studies in order to bring awareness to the readers as well as other medical professionals with regards to the increased health risks of the homeless as compared to people with permanent and secure dwelling places. The selection of test subjects in homelessness and public health studies were mostly done using certain criteria such as determination of residential status using the Homeless History Form (Caton 258), secondary analyses of the 2003 Health Care for the Homeless User Survey (Baggett), the use of socio-demographic characteristics of homeless people compared to a control setup (Meyer and Schwartz 1191), as well as conducting a community assessment of places where the test subjects reside (Krieger and Higgins 762). Various assessment methods were done in order to determine the statistics of homelessness based on different grounds. Also, since the reasons for being homeless as well as the effects of it can vary from person to person, it is also relevant to include other types of assessments to prevent the data from becoming too biased. This kind of data gathering was able to generate a much clearer perspective as to what kind of health risks homeless people become subjected to, as well a s showing how these risks were considerably high as compared to non-homeless test subjects. While the methods for assessing the health risks of the homeless were different in each of the case studies that were done, all of the papers were able to corroborate the strong impact of homelessness to a sharp increase in health risks. It was mentioned that due to the lack of access to a safe

Crowdsourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 2

Crowdsourcing - Term Paper Example The paper will further offer solutions concerning generating design interest from online communities and evaluation of skill set and quality of codes submitted by potential unknown users. Lastly, legal, societal and ethical issues related to outsourcing will be discussed, and possible recommendations offered to the solutions. With the invention and growth of outsourcing, online communities have introduced attractive human-like platforms that directly conduct experiments with the aim of controlling over participants and the environment. This concept operates on the notion of tapping as much knowledge and intelligence as possible from the public to complete complex business-related tasks that would require hiring of third parties or outsourcing. The same sentiments are echoed by Brabham, (2010) who defines crowdsourcing as an ‘online distributed problem solving and production model largely used for business† (para.1). The collective intelligence of the online community is controlled through soliciting of organizational ideas and solutions from such communities through models of open calls. Thus, successive crowdsourcing operates on the assumption of ‘collective intelligence’ and ‘crowd wisdom’. According to Nakatsu and Grossman (2013), the process of crowdsourcing involve individuals / organizations who request and identify problems to be solved or tasks to be performed, broadcasting tasks online by requestors in order to get attention of the online crowds to perform tasks and/or solve already identified problems, and the submission of solutions to the problems by the targeted crowd. After receiving solutions, the requestor carefully examines solutions into meaningful ways especially in cases where there are numerous responses (Allahbakhsh et al., 2013). Crowdsourcing offers a channel through which human computation is utilized as a substitute to solve complex problems that are

Warren Buffet Case Study Essay Example for Free

Warren Buffet Case Study Essay Executive Summary: On May 24, 2005, it was announced that Berkshire Hathaway would acquire PacifiCorp. from parent, Scottish Power, for $5.1 billion in cash and $4.3 in liabilities and preferred stock (Bruner, Eades, Schill). After the announcement of the acquisition, the market responded very positively the same day. Berkshire’s stock price had increased by 2.4%, PacifiCorp.’s parent, Scottish Power’s by 6.28% and SP 500 closed up 0.02%. Berkshire Hathaway’s 2.4% shares increase was equivalent to $2.55 billion. Since this is not consistent with results of other acquisitions of the same order, it must be Warren Buffet’s â€Å"cult†-like following that allows this to happen. Rather than rationally studying the market information of the acquisition, the general public puts their trust in Warren Buffett as an investment guru. Berkshire held many different types of industries in their portfolio, but prior to the acquisition of PacifiCorp., Berkshire did not have significant investment in the energy sector. The now more diversified investment portfolio of Berkshire after the acquisition was expected to provide more stable returns. Often throughout the case study, Buffett’s view on a company’s â€Å"intrinsic value† was spotlighted as one of his predominate investing strategies. Book value and the investment outline are the two alternatives to intrinsic value. Buffett rejects them because these alternatives neither can give clear and accurate information about the expected profit in the investment. A company’s intrinsic value, though, is a company’s value relative to the present value of its discounted future cash flows (Bruner, Eades, Schill). And this is how Buffett evaluates his investments, asking will future cash flows provide an acceptable return on investment. Problem: The primary problem in the Warren Buffett case study would be whether or not the intrinsic value of PacifiCorp. justifies Berkshire Hathaway’s bid price? Secondary problems presented include how does the PacifiCorp. acquisition stand up against Berkshire’s â€Å"elephant only† approach to investing? Thus, whether or not PacifiCorp.’s acquisition would be able to further Berkshire’s already staggering annual growth rate of 24%? Analysis: Drawing from the financial statements in the text’s exhibits, PacifiCorp.’s annual operating cash flows equaled $1.76 billion. Given this calculation, it would seem as though it would be a relatively short time before Berkshire Hathaway would accumulate enough value on the acquisition for them to receive an expedient return on their investment. â€Å"The cost of lost opportunity† is a philosophy of Warren Buffett’s that also applies to this case (Bruner, Eades, Schill). By entering into the energy market with the acquisition of PacifiCorp., the firm can hopefully continue on their incredible growth rate trend. Without it, Berkshire would likely have eventually plateaued. Recommendation: It is advised that Berkshire Hathaway follow through with the acquisition of PacifiCorp. The firm will continue to cycle large sums of cash flows through their company with this deal, therefore inducing growth and also adding intrinsic value to their firm. The firm also has a lot to gain by entering into the energy market, which already has a stronghold on American interests and adds diversity to their portfolio.

The Body Snatcher by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle :: Snatcher Stevenson Speckled Doyle Essays

The Body Snatcher by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Adventure of the Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle In the two stories tension and suspense is created through many different methods. Weather and time of day are very popular scene settings to make the perfect moment in a tension story. Thunderous skies and pelting rain on a dark night has more of a chilling feel to it than a sweet summers day with sunflowers and butterflies flapping around. Of course there are times and places for such story writing, but it would not fit the mood for a Sherlock Holmes story. In "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle the drama and suspense begins immediately, and the reader is given almost a description of what he or she is in store for. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle makes it known directly that Sherlock Holmes only accepts cases to solve that seem out of the ordinary, and he is about to be prompted into quite an unordinary situation. This places the reader in a quizzing state of mind, so already the reader's attention has been grasped, and throughout the story like a detective the reader will pick at each detail of the story. The obviousness of a strong, suspenseful story unravels when Holmes disturbs Watson from his slumber at a very unsuitable time in the morning, according to Watson. It brings tension to the story once again so early on, for we realize that to be up at such a time in the morning, would only be for a special case for the two to attempt to solve. When the detectives interview the woman at their office, we are told of her state, she is shivering, and is said to have pre-maturely gray hair. This itself does not bring spine tingling suspension to the reader, but when we are told that she shivers not from the cold, but from her fear, it begins to become a lot clearer. We also find out that the woman is quite young, but has gray hairs, the only reason I thought of for a woman to have gray hairs prematurely, was because of Stress or trauma of some kind. This creates tension by making us want to find out what was so disturbing or so stressful to cause her premature grayness, and we suspect the most probable cause to be her fear. Shortly afterwards we lean that Helen's cause for the distress she has been put through is her step father, who is described to have quite a nefarious attitude at times. We learn from Helen that he has before

The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 37. Contrivances

Aro did not rejoin his anxious guard waiting on the north side of the clearing; instead, he waved them forward. Edward started backing up immediately, pulling my arm and Emmett's. We hurried backward, keeping our eyes on the advancing threat. Jacob retreated slowest, the fur on his shoulders standing straight up as he bared his fangs at Aro. Renesmee grabbed the end of his tail as we retreated; she held it like a leash, forcing him to stay with us. We reached our family at the same time that the dark cloaks surrounded Aro again. Now there were only fifty yards between them and us – a distance any of us could leap in just a fraction of a second. Caius began arguing with Aro at once. â€Å"How can you abide this infamy? Why do we stand here impotently in the face of such an outrageous crime, covered by such a ridiculous deception?† He held his arms rigidly at his sides, his hands curled into claws. I wondered why he did not just touch Aro to share his opinion. Were we seeing a division in their ranks already? Could we be that lucky? â€Å"Because it's all true,† Aro told him calmly. â€Å"Every word of it. See how many witnesses stand ready to give evidence that they have seen this miraculous child grow and mature in just the short time they've known her. That they have felt the warmth of the blood that pulses in her veins.† Aro's gesture swept from Amun on one side across to Siobhan on the other. Caius reacted oddly to Aro's soothing words, starting ever so slightly at the mention of witnesses. The anger drained from his features, replaced by a cold calculation. He glanced at the Volturi witnesses with an expression that looked vaguely†¦ nervous. I glanced at the angry mob, too, and saw immediately that the description no longer applied. The frenzy for action had turned to confusion. Whispered conversations seethed through the crowd as they tried to make sense of what had happened. Caius was frowning, deep in thought. His speculative expression stoked the flames of my smoldering anger at the same time that it worried me. What if the guard acted again on some invisible signal, as they had in their march? Anxiously, I inspected my shield; it felt just as impenetrable as before. I flexed it now into a low, wide dome that arced over our company. I could feel the sharp plumes of light where my family and friends stood – each one an individual flavor that I thought I would be able to recognize with practice. I already knew Edward's – his was the very brightest of them all. The extra empty space around the shining spots bothered me; there was no physical barrier to the shield, and if any of the talented Volturi got under it, it would protect no one but me. I felt my forehead crease as I pulled the elastic armor very carefully closer. Carlisle was the farthest forward; I sucked the shield back inch by inch, trying to wrap it as exactly to his body as I could. My shield seemed to want to cooperate. It hugged his shape; when Carlisle shifted to the side to stand nearer to Tanya, the elastic stretched with him, drawn to his spark. Fascinated, I tugged in more threads of the fabric, pulling it around each glimmering shape that was a friend or ally. The shield clung to them willingly, moving as they moved. Only a second had passed; Caius was still deliberating. â€Å"The werewolves,† he murmured at last. With sudden panic, 1 realized that most of the werewolves were unprotected. I was about to reach out to them when I realize that, strangely, I could still feel their sparks. Curious, I drew the shield tighter in, until Amun and Kebi – the farthest edge of our group – were outside with the wolves. Once they were on the other side, their lights vanished. They no longer existed to that new sense. But the wolves were still bright flames – or rather, half of them were. Hmm†¦ I edged outward again, and as soon as Sam was under cover, all the wolves were brilliant sparks again. Their minds must have been more interconnected than I'd imagined. If the Alpha was inside my shield, the rest of their minds were every bit as protected as his. â€Å"Ah, brother†¦,† Aro answered Caius's statement with a pained look. â€Å"Will you defend that alliance, too, Aro?† Caius demanded. â€Å"The Children of the Moon have been our bitter enemies from the dawn of time. We have hunted them to near extinction in Europe and Asia. Yet Carlisle encourages a familiar relationship with this enormous infestation – no doubt in an attempt to overthrow us. The better to protect his warped lifestyle.† Edward cleared his throat loudly and Caius glared at him. Aro placed one thin, delicate hand over his own face as if he was embarrassed for the other ancient. â€Å"Caius, it's the middle of the day,† Edward pointed out. He gestured to Jacob. â€Å"These are not Children of the Moon, clearly. They bear no relation to your enemies on the other side of the world.† â€Å"You breed mutants here,† Caius spit back at him. Edward's jaw clenched and unclenched, then he answered evenly, â€Å"They aren't even werewolves. Aro can tell you all about it if you don't believe me.† Not werewolves? I shot a mystified look at Jacob. He lifted his huge shoulders and let them drop – a shrug. He didn't know what Edward was talking about, either. â€Å"Dear Caius, I would have warned you not to press this point if you had told me your thoughts,† Aro murmured. â€Å"Though the creatures think of themselves as werewolves, they are not. The more accurate name for them would be shape-shifters. The choice of a wolf form was purely chance. It could have been a bear or a hawk or a panther when the first change was made. These creatures truly have nothing to do with the Children of the Moon. They have merely inherited this skill from their fathers. It's genetic – they do not continue their species by infecting others the way true werewolves do.† Caius glared at Aro with irritation and something more – an accusation of betrayal, maybe. â€Å"They know our secret,† he said flatly. Edward looked about to answer this accusation, but Aro spoke faster. â€Å"They are creatures of our supernatural world, brother. Perhaps even more dependent upon secrecy than we are; they can hardly expose us. Carefully, Caius. Specious allegations get us nowhere.† Caius took a deep breath and nodded. They exchanged a long, significant glance. I thought I understood the instruction behind Aro's careful wording. False charges weren't helping convince the watching witnesses on either side; Aro was cautioning Caius to move on to the next strategy. I wondered if the reason behind the apparent strain between the two ancients – Caius's unwillingness to share his thoughts with a touch – was that Caius didn't care about the show as much as Aro did. If the coming slaughter was so much more essential to Caius than an untarnished reputation. â€Å"I want to talk to the informant,† Caius announced abruptly, and turned his glare on Irina. Irina wasn't paying attention to Caius and Aro's conversation; her face was twisted in agony, her eyes locked on her sisters, lined up to die. It was clear on her face that she knew now her accusation had been totally false. â€Å"Irina,† Caius barked, unhappy to have to address her. She looked up, startled and instantly afraid. Caius snapped his fingers. Hesitantly, she moved from the fringes of the Volturi formation to stand in front of Caius again. â€Å"So you appear to have been quite mistaken in your allegations,† Caius began. Tanya and Kate leaned forward anxiously. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Irina whispered. â€Å"I should have made sure of what I was seeing. But I had no idea___† She gestured helplessly in our direction. â€Å"Dear Caius, could you expect her to have guessed in an instant something so strange and impossible?† Aro asked. â€Å"Any of us would have made the same assumption.† Caius flicked his fingers at Aro to silence him. â€Å"We all know you made a mistake,† he said brusquely. â€Å"I meant to speak of your motivations.† Irina waited nervously for him to continue, and then repeated, â€Å"My motivations?† â€Å"Yes, for coming to spy on them in the first place.† Irina flinched at the word spy. â€Å"You were unhappy with the Cullens, were you not?† She turned her miserable eyes to Carlisle's face. â€Å"I was,† she admitted. â€Å"Because†¦ ?† Caius prompted. â€Å"Because the werewolves killed my friend,† she whispered. â€Å"And the Cullens wouldn't stand aside to let me avenge him.† â€Å"The shape-shifters,† Aro corrected quietly. â€Å"So the Cullens sided with the shape-shifters against our own kind – against the friend of a friend, even,† Caius summarized. I heard Edward make a disgusted sound under his breath. Caius was ticking down his list, looking for an accusation that would stick. Irina's shoulders stiffened. â€Å"That's how I saw it.† Caius waited again and then prompted, â€Å"If you'd like to make a formal complaint against the shape-shifters – and the Cullens for supporting their actions – now would be the time.† He smiled a tiny cruel smile, waiting for Irina to give him his next excuse. Maybe Caius didn't understand real families – relationships based on love rather than just the love of power. Maybe he overestimated the potency of vengeance. Irina's jaw jerked up, her shoulders squared. â€Å"No, I have no complaint against the wolves, or the Cullens. You came here today to destroy an immortal child. No immortal child exists. This was my mistake, and I take full responsibility for it. But the Cullens are innocent, and you have no reason to still be here. I'm so sorry,† she said to us, and then she turned her face toward the Volturi witnesses. â€Å"There was no crime. There's no valid reason for you to continue here.† Caius raised his hand as she spoke, and in it was a strange metal object, carved and ornate. This was a signal. The response was so fast that we all stared in stunned disbelief while it happened. Before there was time to react, it was over. Three of the Volturi soldiers leaped forward, and Irina was completely obscured by their gray cloaks. In the same instant, a horrible metallic screeching ripped through the clearing. Caius slithered into the center of the gray melee, and the shocking squealing sound exploded into a startling upward shower of sparks and tongues of flame. The soldiers leaped back from the sudden inferno, immediately retaking their places in the guard's perfectly straight line. Caius stood alone beside the blazing remains of Irina, the metal object in his hand still throwing a thick jet of flame into the pyre. With a small clicking sound, the fire shooting from Caius's hand disappeared. A gasp rippled through the mass of witnesses behind the Volturi. We were too aghast to make any noise at all. It was one thing to know that death was coming with fierce, unstoppable speed; it was another thing to watch it happen. Caius smiled coldly. â€Å"Now she has taken full responsibility for her actions.† His eyes flashed to our front line, touching swiftly on Tanya's and Kate's frozen forms. In that second I understood that Caius had never underestimated the ties of a true family. This was the ploy. He had not wanted Irina's complaint; he had wanted her defiance. His excuse to destroy her, to ignite the violence that filled the air like a thick, combustible mist. He had thrown a match. The strained peace of this summit already teetered more precariously than an elephant on a tightrope. Once the fight began, there would be no way to stop it. It would only escalate until one side was entirely extinct. Our side. Caius knew this. So did Edward. â€Å"Stop them!† Edward cried out, jumping to grab Tanya's arm as she lurched forward toward the smiling Caius with a maddened cry of pure rage. She couldn't shake Edward off before Carlisle had his arms locked around her waist. â€Å"It's too late to help her,† he reasoned urgently as she struggled. â€Å"Don't give him what he wants!† Kate was harder to contain. Shrieking wordlessly like Tanya, she broke into the first stride of the attack that would end with everyone's death. Rosalie was closest to her, but before Rose could clinch her in a headlock, Kate shocked her so violently that Rose crumpled to the ground. Emmett caught Kate's arm and threw her down, then staggered back, his knees giving out. Kate rolled to her feet, and it looked like no one could stop her. Garrett flung himself at her, knocking her to the ground again. He bound his arms around hers, locking his hands around his own wrists. I saw his body spasm as she shocked him. His eyes rolled back in his head, but his hold did not break. â€Å"Zafrina,† Edward shouted. Kate's eyes went blank and her screams turned to moans. Tanya stopped struggling. â€Å"Give me my sight back,† Tanya hissed. Desperately, but with all the delicacy I could manage, I pulled my shield even tighter against the sparks of my friends, peeling it back carefully from Kate while trying to keep it around Garrett, making it a thin skin between them. And then Garrett was in command of himself again, holding Kate to the snow. â€Å"If I let you up, will you knock me down again, Katie?† he whispered. She snarled in response, still thrashing blindly. â€Å"Listen to me, Tanya, Kate,† Carlisle said in a low but intense whisper. â€Å"Vengeance doesn't help her now. Irina wouldn't want you to waste your lives this way. Think about what you're doing. If you attack them, we all die.† Tanya's shoulders hunched with grief, and she leaned into Carlisle for support. Kate was finally still. Carlisle and Garrett continued to console the sisters with words too urgent to sound like comfort. And my attention returned to the weight of the stares that pressed down on our moment of chaos. From the corners of my eyes, I could see that Edward and everyone else besides Carlisle and Garrett were on their guard again as well. The heaviest glare came from Caius, staring with enraged disbelief at Kate and Garrett in the snow. Aro was watching the same two, incredulity the strongest emotion on his face. He knew what Kate could do. He had felt her potency through Edward's memories. Did he understand what was happening now – did he see that my shield had grown in strength and subtlety far beyond what Edward knew me to be capable of? Or did he think Garrett had learned his own form of immunity? The Volturi guard no longer stood at disciplined attention – they were crouched forward, waiting to spring the counterstrike the moment we attacked. Behind them, forty-three witnesses watched with very different expressions than the ones they'd worn entering the clearing. Confusion had turned to suspicion. The lightning-fast destruction of Irina had shaken them all. What had been her crime? Without the immediate attack that Caius had counted on to distract from his rash act, the Volturi witnesses were left questioning exactly what was going on here. Aro glanced back swiftly while I watched, his face betraying him with one flash of vexation. His need for an audience had backfired badly. I heard Stefan and Vladimir murmur to each other in quiet glee at Aro's discomfort. Aro was obviously concerned with keeping his white hat, as the Romanians had put it. But I didn't believe that the Volturi would leave us in peace just to save their reputation. After they finished with us, surely they would slaughter their witnesses for that purpose. I felt a strange, sudden pity for the mass of the strangers the Volturi had brought to watch us die. Demetri would hunt them until they were extinct, too. For Jacob and Renesmee, for Alice and Jasper, for Alistair, and for these strangers who had not known what today would cost them, Demetri had to die. Aro touched Caius's shoulder lightly. â€Å"Irina has been punished for bearing false witness against this child.† So that was to be their excuse. He went on. â€Å"Perhaps we should return to the matter at hand?† Caius straightened, and his expression hardened into unreadability. He stared forward, seeing nothing. His face reminded me, oddly, of a person who'd just learned he'd been demoted. Aro drifted forward, Renata, Felix, and Demetri automatically moving with him. â€Å"Just to be thorough,† he said, â€Å"I'd like to speak with a few of your witnesses. Procedure, you know.† He waved a hand dismissively. Two things happened at once. Caius's eyes focused on Aro, and the tiny cruel smile came back. And Edward hissed, his hands balling up in fists so tight it looked like the bones in his knuckles would split through his diamond-hard skin. I was desperate to ask him what was going on, but Aro was close enough to hear even the quietest breath. I saw Carlisle glance anxiously at Edward's face, and then his own face hardened. While Caius had blundered through useless accusations and injudicious attempts to trigger the fight, Aro must have been coming up with a more effective strategy. Aro ghosted across the snow to the far western end of our line, stopping about ten yards from Amun and Kebi. The nearby wolves bristled angrily but held their positions. â€Å"Ah, Amun, my southern neighbor!† Aro said warmly. â€Å"It has been so long since you've visited me.† Amun was motionless with anxiety, Kebi a statue at his side. â€Å"Time means little; I never notice its passing,† Amun said through unmoving lips. â€Å"So true,† Aro agreed. â€Å"But maybe you had another reason to stay away?† Amun said nothing. â€Å"It can be terribly time-consuming to organize newcomers into a coven. I know that well! I'm grateful I have others to deal with the tedium. I'm glad your new additions have fit in so well. I would have loved to have been introduced. I'm sure you were meaning to come to see me soon.† â€Å"Of course,† Amun said, his tone so emotionless that it was impossible to tell if there was any fear or sarcasm in his assent. â€Å"Oh well, we're all together now! Isn't it lovely?† Amun nodded, his face blank. â€Å"But the reason for your presence here is not as pleasant, unfortunately. Carlisle called on you to witness?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And what did you witness for him?† Amun spoke with the same cold lack of emotion. â€Å"I've observed the child in question. It was evident almost immediately that she was not an immortal child – â€Å" â€Å"Perhaps we should define our terminology,† Aro interrupted, â€Å"now that there seem to be new classifications. By immortal child, you mean of course a human child who had been bitten and thus transformed into a vampire.† â€Å"Yes, that's what I meant.† â€Å"What else did you observe about the child?† â€Å"The same things that you surely saw in Edward's mind. That the child is his biologically. That she grows. That she learns.† â€Å"Yes, yes,† Aro said, a hint of impatience in his otherwise amiable tone. â€Å"But specifically in your few weeks here, what did you see?† Amun's brow furrowed. â€Å"That she grows†¦ quickly.† Aro smiled. â€Å"And do you believe that she should be allowed to live?† A hiss escaped my lips, and I was not alone. Half the vampires in our line echoed my protest. The sound was a low sizzle of fury hanging in the air. Across the meadow, a few of the Volturi witnesses made the same noise. Edward stepped back and wrapped a restraining hand around my wrist. Aro did not turn to the noise, but Amun glanced around uneasily. â€Å"I did not come to make judgments,† he equivocated. Aro laughed lightly. â€Å"Just your opinion.† Amun's chin lifted. â€Å"I see no danger in the child. She learns even more swiftly than she grows.† Aro nodded, considering. After a moment, he turned away. â€Å"Aro?† Amun called. Aro whirled back. â€Å"Yes, friend?† â€Å"I gave my witness. I have no more business here. My mate and I would like to take our leave now.† Aro smiled warmly. â€Å"Of course. I'm so glad we were able to chat for a bit. And I'm sure we'll see each other again soon.† Amun's lips were a tight line as he inclined his head once, acknowledging the barely concealed threat. He touched Kebi's arm, and then the two of them ran quickly to the southern edge of the meadow and disappeared into the trees. I knew they wouldn't stop running for a very long time. Aro was gliding back along the length of our line to the east, his guards hovering tensely. He stopped when he was in front of Siobhan's massive form. â€Å"Hello, dear Siobhan. You are as lovely as ever.† Siobhan inclined her head, waiting. â€Å"And you?† he asked. â€Å"Would you answer my questions the same way Amun has?† â€Å"I would,† Siobhan said. â€Å"But I would perhaps add a little more. Renesmee understands the limitations. She's no danger to humans – she blends in better than we do. She poses no threat of exposure.† â€Å"Can you think of none?† Aro asked soberly. Edward growled, a low ripping sound deep in his throat. Caius's cloudy crimson eyes brightened. Renata reached out protectively toward her master. And Garrett freed Kate to take a step forward, ignoring Kate's hand as she tried to caution him this time. Siobhan answered slowly, â€Å"I don't think I follow you.† Aro drifted lightly back, casually, but toward the rest of his guard. Renata, Felix, and Demetri were closer than his shadow. â€Å"There is no broken law,† Aro said in a placating voice, but every one of us could hear that a qualification was coming. I fought back the rage that tried to claw its way up my throat and snarl out my defiance. I hurled the fury into my shield, thickening it, making sure everyone was protected. â€Å"No broken law,† Aro repeated. â€Å"However, does it follow then that there is no danger? No.† He shook his head gently. â€Å"That is a separate issue.† The only response was the tightening of already stretched nerves, and Maggie, at the fringes of our band of fighters, shaking her head with slow anger. Aro paced thoughtfully, looking as if he floated rather than touched the ground with his feet. I noticed every pass took him closer to the protection of his guard. â€Å"She is unique†¦ utterly, impossibly unique. Such a waste it would be, to destroy something so lovely. Especially when we could learn so much .. .† He sighed, as if unwilling to go on. â€Å"But there is danger, danger that cannot simply be ignored.† No one answered his assertion. It was dead silent as he continued in a monologue that sounded as if he spoke it for himself only. â€Å"How ironic it is that as the humans advance, as their faith in science grows and controls their world, the more free we are from discovery. Yet, as we become ever more uninhibited by their disbelief in the supernatural, they become strong enough in their technologies that, if they wished, they could actually pose a threat to us, even destroy some of us. â€Å"For thousands and thousands of years, our secrecy has been more a matter of convenience, of ease, than of actual safety. This last raw, angry century has given birth to weapons of such power that they endanger even immortals. Now our status as mere myth in truth protects us from these weak creatures we hunt. â€Å"Thisamazingchild† – he lifted his hand palm down as if to rest it on Renesmee, though he was forty yards from her now, almost within the Volturi formation again – â€Å"if we could but know her potential – know with absolute certainty that she could always remain shrouded within the obscurity that protects us. But we know nothing of what she will become! Her own parents are plagued by fears of her future. We cannot know what she will grow to be.† He paused, looking first at our witnesses, and then, meaningfully, at his own. His voice gave a good imitation of sounding torn by his words. Still looking at his own witnesses, he spoke again. â€Å"Only the known is safe. Only the known is tolerable. The unknown is†¦ a vulnerability.† Caius's smile widened viciously. â€Å"You're reaching, Aro,† Carlisle said in a bleak voice. â€Å"Peace, friend.† Aro smiled, his face as kind, his voice as gentle, as ever. â€Å"Let us not be hasty. Let us look at this from every side.† â€Å"May I offer a side to be considered?† Garrett petitioned in a level tone, taking another step forward. â€Å"Nomad,† Aro said, nodding in permission. Garrett's chin lifted. His eyes focused on the huddled mass at the end of the meadow, and he spoke directly to the Volturi witnesses. â€Å"I came here at Carlisle's request, as the others, to witness,† he said. â€Å"That is certainly no longer necessary, with regard to the child. We all see what she is. â€Å"I stayed to witness something else. You.† He jabbed his finger toward the wary vampires. â€Å"Two of you I know – Makenna, Charles – and I can see that many of you others are also wanderers, roamers like myself. Answering to none. Think carefully on what I tell you now. ‘These ancient ones did not come here for justice as they told you. We suspected as much, and now it has been proved. They came, misled, but with a valid excuse for their action. Witness now as they seek flimsy excuses to continue their true mission. Witness them struggle to find a justification for their true purpose – to destroy this family here.† He gestured toward Carlisle and Tanya. â€Å"The Volturi come to erase what they perceive as the competition. Perhaps, like me, you look at this clan's golden eyes and marvel. They are difficult to understand, it's true. But the ancient ones look and see something besides their strange choice. They see power. â€Å"I have witnessed the bonds within this family – I say family and not coven. These strange golden-eyed ones deny their very natures. But in return have they found something worth even more, perhaps, than mere gratification of desire? I've made a little study of them in my time here, and it seems to me that intrinsic to this intense family binding – that which makes them possible at all – is the peaceful character of this life of sacrifice. There is no aggression here like we all saw in the large southern clans that grew and diminished so quickly in their wild feuds. There is no thought for domination. And Aro knows this better than I do.† I watched Aro's face as Garrett's words condemned him, waiting tensely for some response. But Aro's face was only politely amused, as if waiting for a tantrum-throwing child to realize that no one was paying attention to his histrionics. â€Å"Carlisle assured us all, when he told us what was coming, that he did not call us here to fight. These witnesses† – Garrett pointed to Siobhan and Liam – â€Å"agreed to give evidence, to slow the Volturi advance with their presence so that Carlisle would get the chance to present his case. â€Å"But some of us wondered† – his eyes flashed to Eleazars face – â€Å"if Carlisle having truth on his side would be enough to stop the so-called justice. Are the Volturi here to protect the safety of our secrecy, or to protect their own power? Did they come to destroy an illegal creation, or a way of life? Could they be satisfied when the danger turned out to be no more than a misunderstanding? Or would they push the issue without the excuse of justice? â€Å"We have the answer to all these questions. We heard it in Aro's lying words – we have one with a gift of knowing such things for certain – and we see it now in Caius's eager smile. Their guard is just a mindless weapon, a tool in their masters' quest for domination. â€Å"So now there are more questions, questions that you must answer. Who rules you, nomads? Do you answer to someone's will besides your own? Are you free to choose your path, or will the Volturi decide how you will live? â€Å"I came to witness. I stay to fight. The Volturi care nothing for the death of the child. They seek the death of our free will.† He turned, then, to face the ancients. â€Å"So come, I say! Let's hear no more lying rationalizations. Be honest in your intents as we will be honest in ours. We will defend our freedom. You will or will not attack it. Choose now, and let these witnesses see the true issue debated here.† Once more he looked to the Volturi witnesses, his eyes probing each face. The power of his words was evident in their expressions. â€Å"You might consider joining us. If you think the Volturi will let you live to tell this tale, you are mistaken. We may all be destroyed† – he shrugged – â€Å"but then again, maybe not. Perhaps we are on more equal footing than they know. Perhaps the Volturi have finally met their match. I promise you this, though – if we fall, so do you.† He ended his heated speech by stepping back to Kate's side and then sliding forward in a half-crouch, prepared for the onslaught. Aro smiled. â€Å"Avery pretty speech, my revolutionary friend.† Garrett remained poised for attack. â€Å"Revolutionary?† he growled. â€Å"Who am I revolting against, might I ask? Are you my king? Do you wish me to call you master, too, like your sycophantic guard?† â€Å"Peace, Garrett,† Aro said tolerantly. â€Å"I meant only to refer to your time of birth. Still a patriot, I see.† Garrett glared back furiously. â€Å"Let us ask our witnesses,† Aro suggested. â€Å"Let us hear their thoughts before we make our decision. Tell us, friends† – and he turned his back casually on us, moving a few yards toward his mass of nervous observers hovering even closer now to the edge of the forest – â€Å"what do you think of all this? I can assure you the child is not what we feared. Do we take the risk and let the child live? Do we put our world in jeopardy to preserve their family intact? Or does earnest Garrett have the right of it? Will you join them in a fight against our sudden quest for dominion?† The witnesses met his gaze with careful faces. One, a small black-haired woman, looked briefly at the dark blond male at her side. â€Å"Are those our only choices?† she asked suddenly, gaze flashing back to Aro. â€Å"Agree with you, or fight against you?† â€Å"Of course not, most charming Makenna,† Aro said, appearing horrified that anyone could come to that conclusion. â€Å"You may go in peace, of course, as Amun did, even if you disagree with the council's decision.† Makenna looked at her mate's face again, and he nodded minutely. â€Å"We did not come here for a fight.† She paused, exhaled, then said, â€Å"We came here to witness. And our witness is that this condemned family is innocent. Everything that Garrett claimed is the truth.† â€Å"Ah,† Aro said sadly. â€Å"I'm sorry you see us in that way. But such is the nature of our work.† â€Å"It is not what I see, but what I feel,† Makenna's maize-haired mate spoke in a high, nervous voice. He glanced at Garrett. â€Å"Garrett said they have ways of knowing lies. I, too, know when I am hearing the truth, and when I am not.† With frightened eyes he moved closer to his mate, waiting for Aro's reaction. â€Å"Do not fear us, friend Charles. No doubt the patriot truly believes what he says,† Aro chuckled lightly, and Charles's eyes narrowed. â€Å"That is our witness,† Makenna said. â€Å"We're leaving now.† She and Charles backed away slowly, not turning before they were lost from view in the trees. One other stranger began to retreat the same way, then three more darted after him. I evaluated the thirty-seven vampires that stayed. A few of them appeared just too confused to make the decision. But the majority of them seemed only too aware of the direction this confrontation had taken. I guessed that they were giving up a head start in favor of knowing exactly who would be chasing after them. I was sure Aro saw the same thing I did. He turned away, walking back to his guard with a measured pace. He stopped in front of them and addressed them in a clear voice. â€Å"We are outnumbered, dearest ones,† he said. â€Å"We can expect no outside help. Should we leave this question undecided to save ourselves?† â€Å"No, master,† they whispered in unison. â€Å"Is the protection of our world worth perhaps the loss of some of our number?† â€Å"Yes,† they breathed. â€Å"We are not afraid.† Aro smiled and turned to his black-clad companions. â€Å"Brothers,† Aro said somberly, â€Å"there is much to consider here.† â€Å"Let us counsel,† Caius said eagerly. â€Å"Let us counsel,† Marcus repeated in an uninterested tone. Aro turned his back to us again, facing the other ancients. They joined hands to form a black-shrouded triangle. As soon as Aro's attention was engaged in the silent counsel, two more of their witnesses disappeared silently into the forest. I hoped, for their sakes, that they were fast. This was it. Carefully, I loosened Renesmee's arms from my neck. â€Å"You remember what I told you?† Tears welled in her eyes, but she nodded. â€Å"I love you,† she whispered. Edward was watching us now, his topaz eyes wide. Jacob stared at us from the corner of his big dark eye. â€Å"I love you, too,† I said, and then I touched her locket. â€Å"More than my own life.† I kissed her forehead. Jacob whined uneasily. I stretched up on my toes and whispered into his ear. â€Å"Wait until they're totally distracted, then run with her. Get as far from this place as you possibly can. When you've gone as far as you can on foot, she has what you need to get you in the air.† Edward's and Jacob's faces were almost identical masks of horror, despite the fact that one of them was an animal. Renesmee reached for Edward, and he took her in his arms. They hugged each other tightly. â€Å"This is what you kept from me?† he whispered over her head. â€Å"From Aro,† I breathed. â€Å"Alice?† I nodded. His face twisted with understanding and pain. Had that been the expression on my face when I'd finally put together Alice's clues? Jacob was growling quietly, a low rasp that was as even and unbroken as a purr. His hackles were stiff and his teeth exposed. Edward kissed Renesmee's forehead and both her cheeks, then he lifted her to Jacob's shoulder. She scrambled agilely onto his back, pulling herself into place with handfuls of his fur, and fit herself easily into the dip between his massive shoulder blades. Jacob turned to me, his expressive eyes full of agony, the rumbling growl still grating through his chest. â€Å"You're the only one we could ever trust her with,† I murmured to him. â€Å"If you didn't love her so much, I could never bear this. I know you can protect her, Jacob.† He whined again, and dipped his head to butt it against my shoulder. â€Å"I know,† I whispered. â€Å"I love you, too, Jake. You'll always be my best man.† A tear the size of a baseball rolled into the russet fur beneath his eye. Edward leaned his head against the same shoulder where he'd placed Renesmee. â€Å"Goodbye, Jacob, my brother†¦ my son.† The others were not oblivious to the farewell scene. Their eyes were locked on the silent black triangle, but I could tell they were listening. â€Å"Is there no hope, then?† Carlisle whispered. There was no fear in his voice. Just determination and acceptance. â€Å"There is absolutely hope,† I murmured back. It could be true, I told myself. â€Å"I only know my own fate.† Edward took my hand. He knew that he was included. When I said my fate, there was no question that I meant the two of us. We were just halves of the whole. Esme's breath was ragged behind me. She moved past us, touching our faces as she passed, to stand beside Carlisle and hold his hand. Suddenly, we were surrounded by murmured goodbyes and I love you's. â€Å"If we live through this,† Garrett whispered to Kate, â€Å"I'll follow you anywhere, woman.† â€Å"Now he tells me,† she muttered. Rosalie and Emmett kissed quickly but passionately. Tia caressed Benjamin's face. He smiled back cheerfully, catching her hand and holding it against his cheek. I didn't see all the expressions of love and pain. I was distracted by a sudden fluttering pressure against the outside of my shield. I couldn't tell where it came from, but it felt like it was directed at the edges of our group, Siobhan and Liam particularly. The pressure did no damage, and then it was gone. There was no change in the silent, still forms of the counseling ancients. But perhaps there was some signal I'd missed. â€Å"Get ready,† I whispered to the others. â€Å"It's starting.†